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Eruption column
Height based on VEI level. Reaches the stratosphere at VEI 5+. Visible for hundreds of kilometers.
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Pyroclastic flows
Ground-hugging avalanches of hot gas and rock. Up to 700 km/h. Unsurvivable. Reach modeled by terrain and VEI.
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Lahars & mudflows
Volcanic debris mixed with water. Follow river valleys. Can travel 100+ km from the summit.
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Lava flows
Speed and reach depend on silica content and slope. From slow basaltic flows to fast felsic surges.
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Ashfall zones
Prevailing wind carries ash hundreds of kilometers. Collapses roofs, chokes engines, contaminates water.
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Climate impact
VEI 6+ eruptions inject sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere. Global cooling for 1-5 years after a major event.